Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay - 822 Words

Would you want to live among the Naciremas? Why or why not? After reading Horace Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema I cannot say that I would want to be part of the tribe. A huge reason would be that I could never go from my own Christian faith to the religious practices of the Nacirema. My second reason for not wanting to be part of the tribe is that I could never be subjected to the horrific medical practices and â€Å"magical potions† used on every citizen in the tribe. One of the fundamental beliefs of the Nacirema is that â€Å"the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to debility and disease.† According to the Christian tradition, the human body is fallen and is therefore prone to disease and weakness; so in that†¦show more content†¦Women were also worse off in this society. There is definitely no room for any sort of equality between the sexes. Women were accused of â€Å"bewitching† their children and subjected to more scrutiny and prodding from the medicine men if they were taken to the temple. Women could not show signs of being pregnant, which I assume would be very difficult, and when the women give birth they are not allowed to have friends or family help with the delivery. A women’s breast size is also scrutinized if she is too small or too big. If she has the perfect sized breasts she can make a living by going around to different villages and getting paid to show them. In many ways society is still like this. There is a lot of attention given to a women, not solely because of her breast size, but also with weight, hair, and clothing. Women have always been scrutinized by each other, by men, and by society. The fact that women are so dissected and disrespected in the Nacirema culture (and even in today’s culture) makes me sad. One thing that I found extremely interesting about the Nacirema is the devotion to their culture, despite all the pain and suffering they endure. They torture themselves because they have never known anything else. Their beliefs run so deep that they are willing to even â€Å"bake their heads in small ovens† in order to stay on a right path. Many Christians today do not have anywhere near that kind of devotion to theirShow MoreRelatedThe Body Ritual Among the Nacirema737 Words   |  3 Pages The Body Ritual Among the Nacirema The Body Ritual Among the Nacirema As an individual coming to investigate American civilization through the observation of cultural activities, I find the ritual of medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists and pharmacists) very interesting. â€Å"Medicine man or medicine woman are  English  terms used to describe  traditional healers  and spiritual leaders among  Native American  and otherRead MoreBody Ritual Among the Nacirema1031 Words   |  5 PagesBody Ritual among the Nacirema Name Course Sociology Date 6/12/2013 Body Ritual among the Nacirema Horace Miner in the article, Body Ritual Among the Nacirema depicts a society that is growing naturally, but which has transformed itself into a ritual tribe. In this article, the tribe, Nacirema, is a tribe that has transformed itself naturally and which has incorporated a lot of beliefs and religious tendency forRead MoreBody Ritual Among the Nacirema948 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 26, 2013 Horace Minor applied satire in his article â€Å"Body Ritual among the Nacirema.† to the culture of the American people. Several ways in which â€Å"Body Ritual among the Nacirema† relate to the core concepts of sociology are through the use of sociological imagination, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. The American culture is described by Minor in a very unique and humorous way. The author uses satire to examine the rituals that are every day in American culture. The reader thinks atRead MoreBody Rituals Among the Nacirema1097 Words   |  5 PagesBody Rituals Among the Nacirema Abstract This study examines Horace Miner’s essay â€Å"Body Rituals Among the Nacirema. While using the participant observation approach, he gives us a new perspective on the daily behaviors within this group of people. Exploring ethnocentrism and how we view cultures outside of our own. Horace Miner was a professor for the University of Michigan. He sought out to teach young people the importance of cultural anthropology. (Horace Mitchell Miner - Wikipedia, theRead MoreBody Rituals Among the Nacirema Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Body Rituals Among the Nacirema, â€Å" by Horace Miner, is an essay written about the Nacirema, or American people, from an outsider’s perspective. Miner gives an insight on the Nacireman people, which he describes in his essay as an unknown tribe, and the completing of the Nacireman’s magical beliefs and practices, which involve daily, involuntary body rituals that cause much pain and discomfort. Miner shows how an outsider’s perspective can affect the way a culture is seen. In his essay, Miner usesRead More Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesBody Ritual Among the Nacirema What is the precise geographical location of this strange tribe, the Nacirema? The Nacirema is a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. Little is known of their origin, though tradition states that they came from the east. What are the private and secret shrines of the Nacirema? In the Nacirema, the belief is that the human body is ugly andRead MoreBody Rituals Among the Nacirema Tribe421 Words   |  2 PagesBody rituals among the Nacirema tribe The story relates to how we seek perfection on our bodies. It demonstrates how people will perform extreme procedures to achieve perfection, and even after this they will still feel they are ugly and not perfect. The rituals performed by the Nacirema tribe may seem inhumane, but if compared to our current culture and the procedures people perform on their bodies there is no much difference. I viewed the things they did as bizarre, but on close analysis of ourRead MoreSummary of Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay726 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† Summary In the essay â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema†, anthropologist Horace Miner depicts a group of people known as the â€Å"Nacirema†, but is referring to Americans, whose cultural beliefs are deeply rooted in the perspective that the human body is prune to sickness and disfiguration. Consequently, a substantial part of their lives is spent on unusual rituals and customs to improve conditions of the body that are filled with magical components. Moreover, Miner usesRead More Horace Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesHorace Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema In Horace Miner’s article, â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema†, he talks about a tribe and describes their odd behavior. He tells about how the tribe performs these strange daily rituals and how their peculiarity is extreme, but in fact he is actually speaking of Americans as a whole (Miner). Miner uses this style of writing to more effectively prove his point: that Americans are ethnocentric. Miner does an exceptional job in disguisingRead MoreAnthropology Analysis of Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesin writing this article was not to show the â€Å"Nacirema† as an example of how extreme human behavior can become, but how an outside perspective can affect your perception of an alien culture. If one were to look at the â€Å"Nacirema’s† cultural behaviors regarding physical appearance and health without any insight or knowledge of the specific beliefs or values of that culture, they might seem bizarre and even incomprehensible. By showing behaviors and â€Å"rituals† performed by this unknown tribe, Miner allowed

Breast Cancer The Most Common Cancer Essay - 1642 Words

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the world. Though the unknown nature of breast cancer etiology is still on debate, there are numerous risk factors that influence the development of the disease including genetic, environmental, hormonal, sociobiological and physiological influences. The impact of breast cancer is deep in women diagnosed with the disease and their families with fear and anxiety over the eventual outcome of the disease manifesting itself through behavioral changes. The high incidence and mortality rates of the disease, as well as the high cost of treatment and limited resources available, put it clear that it continues to be a focus of attention for patients, families and relevant health professionals as well as policy makers. Medical history Due to genetic predisposition, a family with positive history increases the risk of breast cancer in first-line relatives in the sister, mother or daughter. The risk of breast cancer is dependent upon whether the cancer was bilateral and whether it occurred in the pre- or postmenopausal period. Likewise, if the original cancer occurred during the premenopausal period, the risk of breast cancer in immediate relatives is roughly three times higher than in those who have no family history of breast cancer. A patient with history of breast cancer in the family the cases of breast cancer is attributed to the inheritance of autosomal genes. Thus the chance of genetic inheritance increases if there areShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : The Most Common Cancer934 Words   |  4 PagesCancer occurs as an result of mutations in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells and keeping them healthy. Normally, the cells in our bodies replace themselves , healthy new cells take over as old ones die out, but, over time, mutations can â€Å"turn on† certain genes and â€Å"turn off† others in a cell. That changed cell gains the ability to keep dividing without control or order, producing more cells like it and forming a tumor. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has developedRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cancer1403 Words   |  6 PagesStates, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Although it can occur in both men and women, it is very rare in men. An individual’s breast has many components. It contains glands, ducts and breast tissue that contains fat, connective tissue, lymph nodes and blood vessels. The most common type of breast cancer in the U.S. is ducts carcinoma. This type of cancer begins within the cells of the ducts, but it can also begin in the cells of the lobules and other tissues of the breast. ThereRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Most Common Form Of Cancer1384 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will inform you of Breast Cancer. It is the most common form of cancer in women today but thanks to medical advances it is no longer the number one killer of women. The medical world has made some huge advances in diagnosing breast cancer and because of that, it has given women everywhere a fighting chance. Even with Breast Self-Exams (BSE) and Mammography it is still prevalent today. I will take you through the journey from finding the first lump, diagnosis, therapy, and finally theRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Most Common Types Of Cancer811 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. â€Å"With 55,222 new cases in the UK alone in 2014†. (Cancer Research UK Org) http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer [02 April 2017] With hundreds of foundations and charities built for people struggling with breast cancer there are a numerous amount of treatment and preventions. However, breast cancer is a disease where cancerous breast cells grow rapidly and out of controlRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cancer1884 Words   |  8 Page sIntro: In the United States, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Alt-hough it can occur in both men and women, it is very rare in men.. The most common type of breast cancer in the U.S. is ducts carcinoma. This type of cancer begins within the cells of the ducts, but it can also begin in the cells of the lobules and other tissues of the breast. An individu-al’s breast has many components. It contains glands, ducts and breast tissue that contains fat, connective tissue, lymphRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Most Common Form Of Cancer937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer is the most common form of cancer found in women in the United states and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Although it is more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer as it forms through cells in the breast. As stated by the cancer center of America â€Å"The milk-producing ducts and glands are the two most likely areas to develop cancerous cells.† Th is is why it is most common in females, as males lack the ducts and glands that women have making them moreRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cancer2975 Words   |  12 PagesProject Background (3 pages) Breast Cancer Female breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world with over 1.6 million cases diagnosed in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). Deaths from breast cancer within Australia have increased by 380% from 2003 to 2012 (ABS, 2012)(Smith et al., 2012). An individual’s risk of developing breast cancer increases dramatically with age until 50 where it plateaus giving women a 1:8 lifetime risk (Kamangar et al., 2006)(Davies, 2012). ThereRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cause Of Cancer Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages Breast Cancer Part A:- According to Cancer council Australia, Breast cancer was the second most common cause of cancer death in women in 2012 whereas it is expected to be the 3rd most common cause of cancer death this year. In 2012, 15166 cases of new breast cancer were diagnosed whereas the estimated number of new breast cancer diagnosis in 2016 is about 16084 with 90% five year survival rate. (Cancer Australia â€Å", 2016). Breast cancer accounts 12.3% of all cancer diagnosis and 6Read MoreBreast Cancer : The Most Common Type Of Cancer Among Women1592 Words   |  7 Pages Every minute a woman dies of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Every year, invasive breast cancer is diagnosed in 180,000 women alone. Doctors have not been able to find the cure yet, but they are not giving up. Thanks to nonprofit charities, such as the Susan G. Komen, researchers are receiving enough money that is donated to breast cancer to look deeper and try to find ways to cure and to help prevent such a fatal disease. It’s really important forRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Diagnosed Cancer Among American Woman2285 Words   |  10 Pagesbreastcancer.org, breast cancer is the second most common diagnosed cancer among American woman, with 1 in 8 women in the US developing invasive breast cancer throughout their lifetime. Breast cancer occurs when some of the cells in the breast begin to grow in an abnormal form. These abnormal cells divide quickly and produce more, causing a lump to be made. As much as 10% of breast cancer cases in Western countries are due to genetic tendency. The likelihood of being affect by breast cancer is generally

Historical Background and Status Free Essays

string(82) " of controlled cloth by the mills sector dampened the spirit of the mills sector\." Historical background and status of textile engineering industry By: S. Chakrabarty Preamble Industrial Revolution in U. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Background and Status or any similar topic only for you Order Now during 1750 – 1850 gave birth to Textile Machinery. The dominance of India in the field of cotton textiles produced by very skilled manpower was disturbing the British. Systematic development of textile industry with spinning and powerloom machinery was initiated in Lancashire and Manchester to discourage the Indian weavers. Rest is however known to everybody how the machinery industry was developed and nurtured by the respective Governments in the UK and later by Germany and Switzerland followed by others in Europe. In India, machinery manufacture started in the 50s, continued and progressed during 60s 70s and thereafter. The Government policy to ban expansion of the organized weaving sector during late 60s created/ supported the decentralized powerloom sector. Too much of importance to handlooms and low level technology power looms in the subsequent years, keeping a large list of reserved items for handlooms, throttled the mill industry which lost its initiative for creativity as well as production for the masses. Low level of production in handlooms and low quality production in powerlooms made us uncompetitive in the subsequent years. The Government’s regulative pressures on the Mill Industry continued to play havoc for the weaving industry till the introduction of 1985 Textile Policy and finally revolutionary Industrial Policy in 1991. Development and technology growth in the TEI The Textile Engineering Industry (TEI) during the late 60s, 70s and 80s had received some Government support in the form of foreign collaboration approvals, import assistance by way of phased manufacturing programme and concessional customs duty certification for imported parts and components for manufacture of specified textile machinery. Import duty on components and parts in general was very high at 85% excluding CVD and not conducive for indigenous development. The concessional duty on imported parts, components etc. mentioned above did help the Industry. The then Government’s policy was also supportive that no import of machinery was allowed if there was adequate indigenous production. The local textile industry therefore had no choice but to buy the Indian machinery. This policy helped the TEI to develop and manufacture spinning machinery in the country of the desired quality and quantity. There was no competition from outsider. Internal competition among various players made the development easier and faster. Foreign manufacturers had no choice but to enter into collaborations with local manufacturers. This happened not only in spinning but also in processing machinery. The following collaborations are worth mentioning: Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Names of Foreign Collaborators M/s. Textile Machinery Makers Ltd. U. K. , Platt Bros. , U. K. M/s. Whitin Machine Works, U. S. A. M/s. Howa, Japan M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Marzoli, Italy M/s. Hispani Suiza (Suisse) S. A. , Switzerland M/s. Rieter, Switzerland M/s. Schubert Salzer, Germany Names of Indian Manufacturers M/s. National Machinery Mfrs. Ltd. , Bombay* M/s. M M C. , Calcutta M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. M M C, Bangalore* M/s. Indequip Engineering Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. LMW, Coimbatore M/s. New Standard Engg. Items Produced Spinning – Cards, Draw Frame, Speed Frame, Ring Frame Spinning – Carding Engines and RH Can Fed Inter Frames Spinning – Flat Revolving Carding Engines, Draw Frame, Speed Frames Spinning – Narrow Gauge Ring Frame Spinning – Entire Range Spinning – Ring Frame Spinning – Entire range Spinning – Blow Room, Cards, 9. M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Trutzschler, Germany M/s. Toyota, Japan 10 11 2 M/s. Suessen, Germany * Presently not in operation Co. Ltd. , Mumbai* M/s. Padmatex Engg. , Baroda* M/s. Trumac, Ahmedabad M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda Textile Machinery Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore M/s. Suessen Asia, Pune Draw Frames Spinning – H. S. Draw Frame Spinning – Blow Room, Cards, Draw F rames Spinning – Ring Frame Spinning – Ring Frame Due to acute and long recession in the Textile Industry, initial higher import content coupled with high rate of import duty, non-transfer of latest technology under collaboration agreements leading to import of machinery etc. , the following Indian Companies were closed down during 80s and early 90s. These are M/s. MMC, Kolkata and Bangalore; M/s. Texmaco, Kolkata; M/s. Indequip Engineering, Ahmedabad; M/s. New Standard Engg. Co. Ltd. , Mumbai; M/s. Mafatlal Engg. Co. Ltd. Mumbai; M/s. Textool Co. Ltd. , Coimbatore; M/s. Jeetstex Engg. Ltd. Coimbatore etc. while M/s. LMW, M/s. Trumac, M/s. Zinser India, M/s. Suessen Asia, M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda could manage to stay in production. Why we are better in spinning machinery? There was Government support by way of†¢ †¢ †¢ Restricted import of spinning machinery – virtually no import of spinning machinery of the same technology available indigenously was allowed. No import of second hand spinning machinery was allowed. Import duty concession on raw materials, parts, components accessories for production of specified machinery as the import duty in general, was very high. Besides, competition among the machinery manufacturers resulted in production of better quality machines. Reasons for non-development in the Weaving Machinery Sector While the Textile Engineering Industry took up manufacturing of Spinning machinery in full swing with the adequate Government’s supportive measures mentioned above, the same did not happen in case of weaving machinery. During 60s (prior to 1970) the Industrial Policy prohibited the organized mill sector to expand their weaving capacity. This was perhaps to support employment generation in the villages by the decentralized and dispersed handloom sector. It was due to this wrong policy, the unauthorized powerloom clusters started gaining grounds. Even many of the handloom clusters started converting into powerlooms. Since the domestic demand for fabrics was growing fast due to the population growth, the powerloom sector in different parts of the country started growing fast while the handloom sector started shrinking in reality. The fact is still not accepted by the Government). Today, there are over 20 lakh powerlooms but handlooms, may not be more than 8 lakh, if not less! During 70s the organized mill sector was allowed to replace ordinary powerlooms by automatic looms and shuttleless looms on 4:1 basis. However, compulsory manufacture of controlled cloth by the mills sector dampened the spirit of the mills sector. You read "Historical Background and Status" in category "Essay examples" Controlled cloth scheme was done away with during 80s. Expectation of a good demand due to replacement policy prompted the manufacture of automatic looms by M/s. Cimmco, Gwalior in collaboration with M/s. Sakamoto, Japan and M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland during 70s. In the late 70s M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. (LALW) started manufacturing Ruti `C’ Type of automatic loom in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland. M/s. Cimmco as well as M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. tried to manufacture shuttleless looms in collaboration with M/s. Dornier, Germany, Toyoda, Japan and M/s. SACM, France respectively during early 80s. M/s. LALW also started making shuttleless rapier and airjet looms during 80s. During 80s, the powerloom population which was hardly 7 lakh had grown to more than 10 lakhs. The policy of scrapping of powerlooms of the mill industry after replacement or closure failed miserably, all these powerlooms found their way to the decentralized sector. The Government had no option but to regularize all unauthorised powerlooms due to political pressure after announcement of 1985 Textile Policy and subsequent Textile Control Order 1986, doing away with the age old powerloom permit system. The textile strike during 1980s crippled the Textile mill industry in Mumbai and Maharashtra. During this period the composite structure of the mill industry broke almost completely. While the spinning sector prospered with the modern machinery, the number of working looms in the organized mills sector shrunk considerably and most of the mills found it profitable to close down their weaving section due to bad market condition, high cost of labour, low productivity and tough competition from the powerloom sector. As a result, there was practically no demand for the shuttleless looms manufactured by the two Companies mentioned above which prompted them to close down their shutters one by one. In the meantime, due to the pressure from the decentralized powerloom sector the Government was forced to allow import of second hand weaving machinery which added to the woes of indigenous manufacturers of shuttleless looms. M/s. LALW also had to discontinue the production of shuttleless looms subsequently. During 80s and upto 1991 there was protective market for spinning and processing machinery but not for the weaving machinery due to high production cost and import of second hand looms. Initiatives discouraged after liberalization The Industrial Policy announced in 1991 liberalised the Industry in general to a considerable extent. The market became open to the foreign manufacturers and there was tough competition. The spinning machinery makers came of age technologywise and capacitywise and there was also very high demand for spinning machinery. The weaving machinery could not prosper due to the onslaught of import of second hand machinery. There was no restriction on import of second hand weaving machinery before and after 1991. After 1992, there was no support of the Government either for development of weaving machinery or any other textile machinery. In this regard, the only commendable fact was that we became self-sufficient in Weaving Preparatory Machinery viz. High Speed Sectional Warping, Direct Warping and Sizing matching with world class technology. M/s. Rabatex Industries, Ahmedabad; M/s. Prashant Gamatex Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Amritlakshmi Machine Works, Mumbai and M/s. Jupiter Engineering Co. , Ahmedabad are the most reputed domestic manufacturers. This could happen because there was less import of second hand machinery and the cost differential between domestic and imported machinery was large and the machines were custom built. The indigenous shuttleless looms (older technology) which have been developed during the late 90s and early 2000, however, could not find a good market due to the adverse policy of the Government i. e. import of second hand shuttleless looms under concessional duty and also under concessional rate of interest under TUF. The situation continues. However, indigenous machinery manufacturers viz. M/s. Aalidhra Weavetech Pvt. Ltd. , Surat; M/s. Bhavin Sales Corporation, Surat; M/s. Dynamic Loom Mfg. Co. , Ahmedabad; M/s. Dinkier Sokerjee Machines, Surat; M/s. Friends Engg. Works, Panipat; M/s. Himson Textile Engg. Inds. Pvt. Ld. ; Surat; M/s. Industrial Engg. Works, Bangalore; M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore; M/s. Laxmi Textile Stores, Ahmedabad; M/s. Lifebond Machines Pvt. Ltd. , Surat etc. have developed and are producing crank beat up type shuttleless looms with a speed between 450 – 500 mpm. All latest generation shuttleless looms i. e. Airjet, Waterjet, Projectile Rapier of European and Japanese origin are high speed, high tech, high productive and energy efficient running at a speed of 500 rpm and above. This machinery, though at a higher cost, is economically viable due to its quality and productivity, cost of fabric per meter being less than second hand machinery. Since last 4/5 years, all new large textile units as well as existing reputed textile units expanding capacity had been importing these kinds of machinery to make them commercially viable, e. g. Alok Industries, Welspun, GHCL, Vardhman Group, Century, Raymonds, etc. Therefore, machinery, if made/developed indigenously need to be cost competitive in all respects and cost of production per meter of fabric should be same or less with equivalent quality standard. Then only the manufacturing would be viable and accepted by the Mill Industry/ Organized Sector. Unless there are disincentives for second hand machinery, there is no hope that the decentralized powerloom sector would go in for new machinery. Processing Finishing Machinery Sector The history of the processing machinery manufacturing sector was somewhat different. During 70s and 80s there were a number of foreign collaborations : M/s. Mather Platt, U. K. M/s. Reggiani, Italy M/s. Stork, Holland M/s. Gerber, M/s. Menzel and M/s. Eduard Kusters, Germany Mather Platt (I) Ltd. * SBM Engg. * ATE (Stovec/Stormac*) Calico Indl. Engineers* M/s. Artos Benninger, Germany M/s. Famatex, Germany M/s. Obermeaier, Germany M/s. Toshin Kogyo, Japan * Presently not in operation T. Maneklal* Famatex India Ltd. * Dalal Engg. Star Indl. Engg. * Some Companies developed machinery by copying the imported technology viz. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers, M/s. SM Engg. etc. As mentioned earlier, composite structure of the textile industry broke in Europe during 70s. The same happened in India during 80s. This affected the processing sector. While spinning industry became more organized, competitive and export- worthy, the weaving and processing sectors became uncompetitive, decentralized and export unworthy. Since the Government encouraged low technology for the weaving sector (handlooms and ordinary powerlooms), the organized weaving sector in the mill industry could not come up. Similarly, the decentralized processing sector, which started with second hand machinery from the composite mill industry, did not modernize the units in course of time. The domestic manufacturers which had ollaboration prior to 1991 could not continue with their collaborators after 1991 as the market became open and the foreign manufacturers found it easier to market their machines in India rather than making the same under collaboration. During 80s as well as 90s strenuous efforts were put in by some of the Companies to develop machinery by way of re-engineering. Some of them became successful. However, some of the Companies had to close dow n their shutters due to tough competition in the open market after 1991. Many manufacturing units came into existence to produce low technology cheap machinery to bridge the gap between demand and supply. This had resulted in manufacture of poor quality machines and poor quality processing of textiles thereof. The encouragement given by the Government to the hand processing sector was misused and low technology prevailed. The prominent processing machinery makers who developed quality machines during 80s and 90s were: 1. M/s. Calico Indl. Engineers, Mumbai* 2. M/s. Dalal Engg. Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 3. M/s. Devrekha Engineers, Surat 4. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers Ltd. , Mumbai 5. M/s. Mather Platt (I) Ltd. , Mumbai* 6. M/s. Primatex Machinery Ltd. , Mumbai* 7. M/s. SLM Maneklal Ind. Ltd. , Mumbai* 8. M/s. SM Energy Electronics, Mumbai 9. M/s. Standard Fabricators (I) Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 10. M/s. Stovec Industries Ltd. , Ahmedabad 11. M/s. Texprint Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad * Presently not in operation In the latter half of 90s again saw acute demand recession from the Textile Industry which continued upto 2002. During this period the Textile Engineering Industry started looking beyond the domestic demand. Export which was never more than Rs. 100 crore until 1988-89 started increasing and reached the level of Rs. 406 crore during 2002-03. There were exports of spinning as well as processing machinery. Some of the manufacturers could compete with the European manufacturers in processing machinery abroad with their high quality machines. Improved Demand The demand for textile machinery started picking up slowly after 2002 as the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme became popular by then. The Textile Industry was also expecting a better market after the st liberalized Quota Free Regime under WTO from 1 January, 2005. Major demand for machinery started after 2004 which has prompted the Textile Engineering Industry to increase its production from the level of Rs. ,341 crore during 2003-04 to Rs. 2,780 crore during 2006-07. However, this happened mainly in spinning machinery and weaving preparatory machinery and to some extent in weaving and processing machinery. The weaving and processing machinery sectors though increased their capacity to a considerable extent, has a long way to go. The processing sector started competing with foreign manufacturers since 1991 though sporadically. They have improved their technology and their machines are now capable of producing fault free processed fabrics in short as well as continuous lots. The domestic demand for such machinery has also increased. M/s. Dhall Enterprises Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Harish Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai, M/s. Tex-Fab Engineers (India) Pvt. Ltd. , Navi Mumbai produced continuous dyeing plants with latest technology for long length of fabric processing which are running successfully in the mills. The following manufacturers have exported their processing machines and earned a good name: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M/s. Dalal Engineering Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Devrekha Exports (Bhagyarekha Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ), Surat M/s. Dhall Enterprises Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. Harish Enterprise Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Kusters Calico Machinery (P) Ltd. , Vadodara M/s. Lakshmi Card Clothing Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Yamuna Machine Works Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai These manufacturers are in a position to make many high quality processing machines and compete with foreign manufacturers. Knitting/Hosiery Machinery Knitting/Hosiery Industry as well as Garment Industry was reserved for the small scale sector. Both these sectors thrived initially with imported second hand machinery. Both Woven Garment and Hosiery Garment put together the total export of the country was only Rs. 5 crore during 1970-71. The exports increased to Rs. 500 crore in 1980 and today it is above Rs. 17,000 crore, thanks to the removal of quota shackles under WTO, implemented by the Government couple of years back. Decentralised character of the Garment industry did not enthuse the TEI to take up the manufacture of knitting machinery. As such this sector remained neglected altogether. Some efforts were made to manufacture knitting machinery by two Companies viz. M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore and M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , Surat in late 80s. However, after liberalization of the Industrial Policy in 1991, imported machines became cheaper technology wise than the Indian machines due to which obviously there was no demand. Therefore, manufacture of knitting machinery had to be discontinued. Testing Monitoring Equipments Sector As regards the Testing Monitoring equipments are concerned, the textile industry was dependent on imported testing and monitoring equipments in 60s and early 70s. The Textile Engineering Industry started developing such testing monitoring equipments in the late 70s and today all kinds of high quality latest generation testing and monitoring equipments are being manufactured in the country. Some of the items are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Air Jet Weaving Machine Controller Centralised Computerised Operation of Group of dyeing Machines with Dyeing Data Management Software Package Fully Automatic High Volume Fibre Tester for Length, Strength, Micronaire, Colour, Trash and Maturity module Multi-Channel Pre-Set Yarn Length Indicator Controller for Winding/Texturising/TFO Machines with Software Package Yarn Evenness Tester Some names of the Companies manufacturing different categories of such instruments are under:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Paramount Instruments Pvt. Ltd. Pioneer Instruments Innovations Premier Evolvics Pvt. Ltd. Semitronik Instruments Tex Lab Industries Thymas Electronic Pvt. Ltd. Growth of the Parts Accessories Sector The growth of the textile industry along the length and breadth of the country initiated the manufacture of parts and accessories for their machinery. Today, barring a few critical items of equipments and accessories lmost all kinds of parts and accessories of high quality are manufactured in the country. The number of such manufacturers could be around 800. Some of the important items manufactured here are: Blow Room beaters, card clothing, cross-roll attachment for cards, top rollers for high speed draw frame, flyers for speed frames, rings, spindles, inserts, cots and aprons and variable drives for ring frame, production of monitoring data in spinning and weaving online quality checking systems, cloth guides, web straighteners in processing, etc. etc. The TEI not only fulfills the demand for spares from the domestic textile industry but also exports its products to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Far East, Europe, America and other countries as well. The following table shows data on production of Textile Machinery Parts Accessories during the last 15 years: Year 1985-86 1990-91 1999-2000 2004-05 2006-07 Rs. in Crores 83. 43 208. 59 288. 79 276. 44 339. 68 Synthetic Yarn and Fabric Processing Machinery Sector Synthetic weaving sector of the textile industry which was scattered in different parts of the country in early 70s became localized in Surat, Bhiwandi, Belgaum. During 80s and 90s the synthetic sector was dominantly established in and around Surat, Gujarat. This simultaneously necessitated the development of synthetic yarn and fabric processing machinery. As a result the Textile Engineering Industry located in and around Surat and Mumbai developed draw texturising machines, draw twisters, two-for-one twisters for filament yarn, zero-twist filament sizing machines, rewinders, precision cone winding machines, etc. etc. More successful manufacturers are M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , M/s. Aalidhra Textile Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Meera Industries, etc. The synthetic mechanical processing machinery was being imported during 70s and 80s. However, with the development of such machinery indigenously, we are not only catering to the domestic demand but also exporting the same. More and more developments are taking place due to the demand for such machinery. Conclusion Thus the Textile Engineering Industry could develop all types o f textile machinery except garment machinery, high speed sophisticated knitting machinery, high speed shuttleless loom (rapier and air jet) and some of the latest generation processing and finishing machinery. The reasons for not developing these machinery have been categorically explained in the foregoing paras. What the TEI expects and aspires Under the above background it is felt that there is a real need to develop and manufacture all kinds of textile machinery in the country as per the existing and expected demand. Government should encourage these efforts and should come forward to help this Rs. 3,000- 4,000-crore capacity industry in a comprehensive and systematic manner with short and long term policy measures. It should take note of the developments of textile machinery made by China during the last 10 years. What China did? 1. Forced the foreign manufacturers to start manufacturing their brands in China by not allowing the import of machines from abroad. 2. Financed the domestic manufacturers for setting up the complete plants with large capacities. 3. No second hand machinery import 4. Incentives given for replacement of old machinery with new machinery. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that China had 6 lakhs ordinary powerlooms/automatic looms prior to 2002. Today, they have shuttleless looms (2, 50, 000 to 3,00,000 approx. ). There may be few ordinary powerlooms in villages and automatic shuttle looms in some corners. No estimate of such looms is available. They have installed large machinery manufacturing capacities and are also exporting all kinds of textile machinery at a cheaper price. Therefore, the following measures are needed to improve the present condition of the Indian TEI A) Policy Measures †¢ †¢ Scheme for Modernisation, technology upgradation and productivity advancement of the Textile Engineering Industry (TEI). The interest remission under the scheme should be 5% with one time 10% Capital Subsidy over above interest remission (Similar Schemes are available for the Textile Industry). Scheme to support Research Development. o o †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Suitable capital grants and annual recurring grants for the existing R Centre at IIT, Powai, Mumbai. Suitable capital grants for the R Institutions located at Surat, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Delhi, Panipat and Ludhiana willing to take up R for textile machinery. Capital grant for indigenous development of machinery to the new projects as well as existing projects which got delayed due to lack of funds. Tax break/holiday for the manufacture of High Speed Shuttlelesss Looms/High-tech processing and finishing machinery for a period of five years. To allow import of complete sophisticated machinery in CKD/ SKD condition at concessional rate of import duty for a minimum period of three years without any restrictions for manufacturing textile machinery under collaboration/joint venture/import of designs and drawings or by way of reengineering. Ban import of machinery where similar technology machines are available indigenously e. g. shuttleless rapier loom â€Å"crank beat-up type†, water jet Looms (800 rpm) etc. Import of textile machinery in second hand condition should not be allowed under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme/20% CLCS Scheme. Ban on import of second hand shuttleless looms with weft insertion rate less than 800 mtrs. per minute. Revival of TIFAC scheme for development of textile machinery with 90% loan component and softer rate of interest of 3%. B) Fiscal Measures †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reduction of excise duty from 14% to 8% Excise duty on parts, components and accessories of the machines be reduced to 8%. Maintaining the floor level customs duty on textile machinery at 7. 5% without any exemptions Uniform rate of customs duty for complete machinery and raw materials, parts, components accessories Uniform treatment to the domestic suppliers of machinery to EPCG license holders. 150% weighted Income Tax deduction for R expenditure made by the Textile Engineering units. If the above measures are taken seriously, the TEI aspires to make available modern machinery and equipment both in quantum and quality to meet the future needs of the textile industry at short delivery periods coupled with effective and prompt after-sales-service. About the Author: The author is the Secretary of The Textile Machinery Manufactures Association. How to cite Historical Background and Status, Essay examples

Critical analysis of Alice Sebolds The Lovely Bones free essay sample

Alice Sebold’s number one national bestselling novel The Lovely Bones depicts the horrendous rape and murder of a small-town girl named Suzie Salmon. Suzie must then watchfrom her own personal heaven—her family and friends struggle to cope and move on with their lives. The novel is set in the suburbs of Norristown, Pennsylvania, 1973. Published in 2002, The Lovely Bones became an instant bestseller, and in 2010 it was released into theaters around the world. Alice Sebold’s early years helped set the stage for her literary career. When Alice Sebold was a freshman at Syracuse University, she survived a brush with death herself. On May 8, 1981, she was raped while walking home through a park off campus. Her attacker dragged her into a tunnel and brutally sodomized her. Sebold reported the crime to the police, but at the time they could not identify any suspects (â€Å"Alice Sebold† 108). Sebold returned to Syracuse after spending the summer with her parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical analysis of Alice Sebolds The Lovely Bones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On October 5, 1981, Sebold was walking down a street near campus, and she recognized her rapist. Eventually, with the help of her family, she found the courage to help police identify her assailant and even took to the witness stand during his trial where he was convicted (â€Å"Alice Sebold† 108). He received the maximum sentence. Several years after Sebold graduated from Syracuse, she moved to Manhattan, where she held several waitressing jobs. Sebold wanted to write her story through poetry, but neither poetry nor her attempts at writing a novel became reality. Sebold began writing the book that would become Lucky in New York. In its first drafts, the book was a fictionalized version of her rape and its aftermath. Sebold later turned the book into a memoir. After successfully finishing her memoir, Sebold continued to write The Lovely Bones, which was released in 2002. In an interview conducted by Ann Darby of Publishers Weekly, Sebold said of The Lovely Bones: I was motivated to write about violence because I believe its not unusual. I see it as just a part of life, and I think we get in trouble when we separate people whove experienced it from those who havent. Though its a horrible experience, its not as if violence hasnt affected many of us† (Darby, Ann, and Jeff Zaleski 41). Sebold’s own life tragedy helped turn her into a number one national bestselling author. After finishing up Lucky and The Lovely Bones, Sebold turned her attention into writing her second novel. Released in 2007 by Little, Brown and Company, The Almost Moon followed the same path as her first two literary works. The Almost Moon is about a young woman who murders her mother, and in the following hours recalls the memories that led to her decision. Alice Sebold now lives with her husband, Glen David Gold, in San Francisco. Sebold now looks upon The Lovely Bones as the novel that paved the way for her efficacious literary career. Many critical reviews have been published on The Lovely Bones, a few of which are written below. Paula L. Woods, from the Los Angeles Times has only positive comments about Sebold’s work: â€Å"Sebold teaches us much about living and dying, holding on and letting go, as messy and imperfect and beautiful as the processes can be—and has created a novel that is painfully fine and accomplished, one which readers will have their own difficulties relinquishing, long after the last page is turned† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  i). Woods is correct when she speaks of life and death; however, another major concept that Sebold teaches us is the â€Å"between†. The â€Å"between† is a huge part of The Lovely Bones. The â€Å"between† is where Suzie spends most of the novel, and it is where she finds courage and the ability to accept the tragedy that she endured. Woods’s statement; overall, is short, sweet and to the point. However, it lacks real emotion and nearly gives the reader a summary of The Lovely Bones. Michiko Kakutani from the New York Times gives his own review of The Lovely Bones. He says it is: A keenly observed portrait of familial love and how it endures and changes over time†¦. A deeply affecting meditation on ways in which terrible pain and loss can be redeemed—slowly, grudgingly, and in fragments—through love and acceptance†¦. Ms. Sebold’s achievements: her ability to capture both the ordinary and the extraordinary, that banal and the horrific, in lyrical, unsentimental prose; her instinctive understanding of the mathematics of love between parents and children; her gift for making palpable the dreams, regrets and unstilled hopes of one girl and one family. (â€Å"What Readers and † ii) To put Kakutani’s review in one word would be spot-on correct. Kakutani somehow takes all of the messages, symbols and themes in The Lovely Bones and crams them into a short paragraph. Overall, Kakutani’s review was heartfelt and a magnificent interpretation of The Lovely Bones. Karen Sandstrom from the Cleveland Plain Dealer speaks ignorantly of The Lovely Bones: She says, â€Å"Here is a writer who honors fiction’s primary gift—the infinity of possibilities—by following her imagination to wondrous and terrifying places† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ii). Had Ms. Karen Sandstrom done some background work on Alice Sebold, she would have discovered that Sebold was a rape victim. This knowledge would have pointed her in a new direction. This direction would have changed Sandstrom’s original review. Considering that Sebold was a rape victim herself, she would not have had to â€Å"imagine† the tragedy and heartache that Suzie went through, since she experienced the horror for herself. In conclusion, Sandstrom’s review is weak, and it is obvious that she lacked proper knowledge of the author. After reviewing Alice Sebold’s life and the many critical commentaries on the literary worth of The Lovely Bones, the reader can clearly see that although it is premature in the world of literature, it will one day be thought of as a great work of art. While a reader is analyzing The Lovely Bones he/she should pay careful attention to the major changes Susie goes through, the major themes represented in the novel, the uniquely represented literary techniques, and the authors style and structure of writing. All of the characters in The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold help create the overall message that the novel portrays. Throughout the novel Susie Salmon faces many difficult challenges that help her grow as a person and that ultimately lead to her to heaven. Alice Sebold opens up The Lovely Bones with Susie saying â€Å"My name was Salmon, like the fish; first name, Susie† (Sebold 5). This statement is not only foreshadowing the death of Susie, it also helps the reader understand Susie’s frame of mind at the beginning of her journey. In the beginning of Sebold’s novel, Susie is stuck reminiscing on her past life she has an immense desire to be a part of the living world. While Susie is talking to Franny, her intake counselor, she says; â€Å"People grow up by living. I want to live† (Sebold 19). Susie continually has the desire to be among the living, but as the years slide by and Susie watches her family grow, grieve and live she slowly starts to accept the fact that she will never be among the living again. Susie grows mentally throughout the novel; however, her emotional growth lay dormant until Susie hits a turning point. The major turning point for Susie’s character is the moment of her temporary resurrection. Ruth allows Susie to use her body. Susie then does the one thing she has been reminiscing about in heaven, loving Ray Singh. After Susie has made love to Ray she says; â€Å"I had taken this time to love instead—in love with the sort of helplessness I had not felt in death—the helplessness of being alive, the dark bright pity of being human† (Sebold 309). Here, Susie has been able to feel what she has so long been yearning; she has the chance to feel what it’s like to live again. Susie is then pulled back into the non-physical world, and for once she is happy. As the novel comes to an end Susie is sitting in her heaven looking down onto earth, she sees everything she has left behind, and happiness and love fill her heart. She ends the novel with this wishful phrase; â€Å"I wish you all a long and happy life† (Sebold 328). From this point on, although the novel has ended, the reader can postulate that Susie is with her grandmother in the deeper part of heaven. Overall, Susie’s character embarks on a major change, at the beginning of the novel Susie is a young girl afraid of death and petrified of her murderer; however, by the end of the novel, the reader will be able to see a much more mature and brave Susie. The theme in a novel is used to help the reader understand the overall message of the novel. The Lovely Bones is filled with many themes that help shape the dreary yet sad novel. The major theme represented is grief. Grief is apparent from the very beginning of the novel and becomes even more apparent as the novel progresses. For every character in The Lovely Bones the grieving process differs. Jack, Susie’s father wants to revenge Susie death by finding her murderer. He becomes so obsessed with loving Susie that he often has to remind himself to give his love to the living. Susie’s mother, Abigail does not want to face Susie’s death and instead pulls away from her family and retreats into herself. Buckley, Susie’s younger brother wants to be let in on the secret of Susie’s death, and when he is, he allows himself to miss her and to honor her. Susie’s younger sister, Lindsey wants to live away from the shadow of Susie. Susie’s family is torn apart in their own separate grieving, but they are able to come back together in the end as a whole. Susie observes her family throughout their grieving processes; â€Å"â€Å"I watched my beautiful sister running . . . and I knew she was not running away from me or toward me. Like someone who has survived a gut-shot, the wound had been closing, closing braiding into a scar for eight long years† (Sebold 242). In this excerpt, Susie watches as her sister finally reaches a point where her pain will soon be healed. In the end of the novel, Susie notes the formation of new connections. She refers to them as â€Å"†¦ the lovely bones that had grown around my absence: the connections sometimes tenuous, sometimes made at great cost, but often magnificent that happened after I was gone† (Sebold 320). These connections allowed her family and friends to survive the grief of losing her. Interestingly, Susie is also able to â€Å"survive† her grief at being taken out of the human world and missing her family. By leaving her family in the end, Susie leaves them to live their lives and to move on from her death. Altogether, the major theme of grief in The Lovely Bones is represented thoroughly throughout the three-hundred-and-twenty page novel. Literary techniques play an important part in the overall shaping of a novel. The most uniquely represented literary technique in The Lovely Bones is embodied in the symbols of Susie’s photographs. There are many different photographs in the novel, but each picture carries a deeper meaning. The most iconic photograph in the novel is the photo that Susie took of Abigail one morning. In the photograph that Susie takes of Abigail as she looks out over the lawn, before the family is awake, Susie sees her mother as the true Abigail, who she thinks of as the mother-stranger. The camera has the ability to capture the moment when Abigail is her true self. For each person who sees the picture of Abigail, they have a different reaction. After Susie’s death, Jack Salmon develops some of the other rolls of film and finds photographs of Abigail â€Å"putting on her mask† as he comes home from work. The mask of motherhood and marriage disguises the real Abigail, and is most visible in the photographs Susie took of her. Another iconic photograph is Susie’s school picture. Len Fenerman keeps a copy of the photo in his wallet as an unsolved case; Abigail keeps a copy in her wallet that she rarely looks at; and Ray keeps a copy that he buries in a volume of Indian poetry, only to discover it again when he goes to college. The photograph has a different meaning for every character. To Len the photo represents his failure at discovering Susie’s killer, and in the end he writes â€Å"gone† (Sebold 258) on the back indicating his acceptance that the dead are no longer with them. For Abigail, Susie is her first daughter and the one who originally made her a mother; the picture makes her feel as though she was punished for not wanting Susie. In the end Abigail leaves the portrait at the airport, symbolizing her transition out of the trauma of Susie’s death. For Ray, Susie’s picture is an image of the girl that he first loved. As the novel progresses forward, the characters that possess the portrait change their reading of it, signifying their ability to move on from the trauma and grief of Susie’s death. Another unique literary technique used in The Lovely Bones is the novel’s point-of-view. The entire novel is seen through Susie’s eyes, thus the novel is told from a first person point-of-view. This is a useful plot device because there are never any questions for Susie about what is going on in the world of the living. Since Susie is dead and watching from the between, the reader has access to all of the other character thoughts and actions. The difference between Susie’s narration and the narration of the usual third person narrator is that Susie plays a key role in the plot; her murder is the main conflict of the novel, and the way the living characters come to terms with her loss is the primary theme of the novel. This point-of-view is exceptionally helpful in showing the theme of grief in the novel. If The Lovely Bones had been told from a different point-of-view the theme would be less obvious, and the reader would lose the novel’s dreary and traumatic sensory details. Overall, The Lovely Bones is filled with many literary techniques that help the reader understand how Susie see’s the world around her. An author’s style of writing is what sets his or her writing apart and makes it unique. Alice Sebold shows her easy-to-follow style and structure of writing throughout The Lovely Bones. Sebolds writing style is very strong. She makes great use of descriptive energy. The way Sebold paints portraits with her words is truly mesmerizing. The following is an example: I loved the way the burned-out flashcubes of the Kodak Instamatic marked a moment that had massed, one that would now be gone forever except for a picture. When they were spent, I took the cubed four-corner flashbulbs and passed them from hand to hand until they cooled. The broken filaments of the flash would turn a molten marble blue or sometimes smoke the thin glass black. I had rescued the moment by using my camera and in that way had found a way to stop time and hold it. No one could take that image away from me because I owned it† (Sebold 163). Sebold uses many sensory details in The Lovely Bones, not just sight, but also smell, taste, sound, and touch. She uses these details to give the reader the sense that he/she is there when the story or poem takes place. Sebold’s vivid use of imagery is especially helpful in portraying the tone of the other characters. With such descriptive imagery, the reader is forced to focus in on the different personalities of the characters. In turn, this helps the reader when comparing how the different characters cope with Susie’s tragic death. The order in which a novel is told is vastly important. The novel begins on December 6, 1963 and ends around the early nineteen-eighties. The Lovely Bones is written in chronological order with flashbacks in between. However, these flashbacks do not give the reader headaches like most novels do. These trips back in time are insightful, necessary, and valuable to the reader. They help to keep Sebold’s novel in- check. Abigail did not have an affair with Detective Len Fenerman because she felt like it. A flashback shows that Jack and Abigail had once been in a flourishing marriage. Flashbacks like these give information that would otherwise be lost and enable the reader to understand plot elements in the present. In total, the imagery used and the order in which the story is told are both factors that help make The Lovely Bones a great piece of literature. In whole, The Lovely Bones is filled with many literary devices. The Lovely Bones is â€Å"destined to be a classic along the lines of To Kill a Mockingbird, and it’s one of the best books I’ve read in years—The New York Times† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ii). The ups-and-downs Susie faces are what make the novel inspiring to people of all sorts, the theme of grief is universal among all of the characters, the literary techniques presented are truly Sebold original, and the author’s style and structure of writing are what make The Lovely Bones easy to follow. All of these different literary devices contribute greatly to the masterpiece that is The Lovely Bones. The novel will forever live on and be remembered among the works of the great.

Gerald Ford Essays (1116 words) - , Term Papers

Gerald Ford When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, "I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts." It was indeed an unprecedented time. He had been the first Vice President chosen under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and, in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, was succeeding the first President ever to resign. Ford was confronted with almost insuperable tasks. There were the challenges of mastering inflation, reviving a depressed economy, solving chronic energy shortages, and trying to ensure world peace. The President acted to curb the trend toward Government intervention and spending as a means of solving the problems of American society and the economy. In the long run, he believed, this shift would bring a better life for all Americans. Ford's reputation for integrity and openness had made him popular during his 25 years in Congress. From 1965 to 1973, he was House Minority Leader. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, he grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He starred on the University of Michigan football team, then went to Yale, where he served as assistant coach while earning his law degree. During World War II he attained the rank of lieutenant commander in the Navy. After the war he returned to Grand Rapids, where he began the practice of law, and entered Republican politics. A few weeks before his election to Congress in 1948, he married Elizabeth Bloomer. They have four children: Michael, John, Steven, and Susan. As President, Ford tried to calm earlier controversies by granting former President Nixon a full pardon. His nominee for Vice President, former Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York, was the second person to fill that office by appointment. Gradually, Ford selected a cabinet of his own. Ford established his policies during his first year in office, despite opposition from a heavily Democratic Congress. His first goal was to curb inflation. Then, when recession became the Nation's most serious domestic problem, he shifted to measures aimed at stimulating the economy. But, still fearing inflation, Ford vetoed a number of non-military appropriations bills that would have further increased the already heavy budgetary deficit. During his first 14 months as President he vetoed 39 measures. His vetoes were usually sustained. Ford continued as he had in his Congressional days to view himself as "a moderate in domestic affairs, a conservative in fiscal affairs, and a dyed-in-the-wool internationalist in foreign affairs." A major goal was to help business operate more freely by reducing taxes upon it and easing the controls exercised by regulatory agencies. "We...declared our independence 200 years ago, and we are not about to lose it now to paper shufflers and computers," he said. In foreign affairs Ford acted vigorously to maintain U. S. power and prestige after the collapse of Cambodia and South Viet Nam. Preventing a new war in the Middle East remained a major objective; by providing aid to both Israel and Egypt, the Ford Administration helped persuade the two countries to accept an interim truce agreement. Detente with the Soviet Union continued. President Ford and Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev set new limitations upon nuclear weapons. President Ford won the Republican nomination for the Presidency in 1976, but lost the election to his Democratic opponent, former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia. On Inauguration Day, President Carter began his speech: "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land." A grateful people concurred. When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, "I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts." It was indeed an unprecedented time. He had been the first Vice President chosen under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and, in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, was succeeding the first President ever to resign. Ford was confronted with almost insuperable tasks. There were the challenges of mastering inflation, reviving a depressed economy, solving chronic energy shortages, and trying to ensure world peace. The President acted to curb the trend toward Government intervention and spending as a means of solving the problems of American society and the economy. In the long run, he believed, this shift would bring a better life for all Americans. Ford's reputation for integrity and openness had made him popular during his 25 years in Congress. From 1965 to 1973, he was House Minority

don johson essays

don johson essays The objective of this lab is to introduce the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). A BJT is a three terminal device composed of an emitter, base, and collector terminals. In this lab we will introduce two major types of BJTs : npn and pnp. The first, npn, has an n-type emitter, a p-type base and a n-type collector. On the other hand the pnp has a p-type emitter, a n-type base, and a p-type collector. Also the transistor consists of two major pn junctions, the emitter-base junction (EBJ) and the collector-base junction (CBJ). Depending on the bias condition of each of these junctions, there are different modes of operation. We will show that the basic principle of a BJT is the use of the voltage between two terminals on order to control the current in the third terminal. In this part of the lab we will use the curve tracer to display the common-emitter BJT family of curves. We will see the i-v characteristics of Ic vs. Vce for steps of IB. The i-v characteristic showing Ic vs. Vce for different values of VBE are not linear. Thus we will see that the output resistance of the BJT change slightly with current. Then using the values of Ic and Ro, we can calculate the early voltage, Va. The important feature of this device is that the i-v characteristics are not perfect linear. 1) Use the curve tracer to display the common-emitter BJT family of curves (ic vs vCE for steps of iB). 2) Determine IB needed to set the Q-Point for Ic=0.5mA and VCE=5 Volts. 4) Determine AC = IC/IB. 5) Determine the output resistance, Ro, by measuring the slope of the i-v curve and taking the inverse of that. 6) Does the output resistance change with voltage on the same curve? 7) Does the output resistance change with current on different curves? IB is found to be 5A according to curve tracer. 4) AC = IC/IB. IC1 = 420A , IB1 = 4A, VCE = 5 Volts IC2 = 680&...

How I Reduced My Ecological Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How I Reduced My Ecological Footprint - Essay Example The reduction of the electricity levels that I consume also plays an important part in conserving the energy in our environment (Beder 13). Before attending the environmental class, I usually left electrical devices plugged on even when they were not in use. I also used drying machines despite there being enough sunlight to dry my clothes. These activities resulted in the wastage of energy resources at my disposal. After learning from my mistakes, I changed from most of my previous habits and adopted behaviors that enhanced my endeavors in conserving nature. Whenever I am using an electrical device at home or in school, I always leave it unplugged to ensure that   energy is conserved. The adoption of substitute energy sources such as wind, lunar and other forms of natural energy may be used to preserve energy. I have changed from using systems that consume fossil fuels when performing my routine activities. I am an active campaigner for the reduction of carbon emissions in the envi ronment by advocating for use of natural forms of energy. To reduce the emissions I produce as a result of the lighting in my house, I have adopted the use of halogen lighting. This is because it does not produce harmful emissions and is efficient in saving energy. These practices enable me to ensure reduction of the effects of my ecological footprint.  As a young child, I was greatly fascinated by the people who worked for lumbering factories. I really admired watching them cutting down trees and was aspiring to join them in the future. I viewed timber as a very important commodity that facilitates man’s development. Little did I know that the trees were only being cut down and there was nobody to plant new ones to replenish forests. The presence of trees ensures people live in clean and safe environments. This is because they help to filter out

Cooperator Insurance company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cooperator Insurance company - Case Study Example sence, CGL values people to a greater degree and makes business decisions that are long-term in nature to strike a balance between the profit objective of business and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) objective. The products and services of CGL are sold through a variety of channels. There are over 2,570 licensed insurance representatives across Canada whose responsible is to sell the products and services of CGL. Moreover, CGL uses its website and contact and call centers to sell its services to clients satisfied (The Cooperators Group Limited, 2013). The variety of sales channels of CGL enables the company to reach an ample population of prospective clients. CGL employs several methods of selling. Considering the insurance and financial services are provided to both individuals and corporations, both direct and Business-to-Business method of selling are used. Besides, the complex insurance services of the CGL are sold through insurance brokers (Cooperators Group Limited, 2015). CGL encounters stiff competition from other companies operating in the insurance industry. Despite the fact that CGL has diversified to offering financial services over and above insurance services, it is still recommended that CGL should diversify its operation to other lines of business to spread business risk. It is recommended that CGL should capitalize on acquiring and collaborating with other players in the industry in order to fortify its market share in the industry. In fact, through acquisition and collaborating with other insurance and financial services providers, CGL will worry less about competition and instead focus the resources and energy in its core operations. CGL is an insurance and financial services company. Given this, the suppliers of the company have to do with the members of the company and the major ones include Ontario Federation of Agriculture, UFA Co-operative Limited and Arctic Co-operatives Limited. CUMIS offers business, liability and

American Government and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

American Government and Politics - Essay Example These commissions were responsible for weighing and assessing the policies formed by politicians before proposing or opposing them based on the existing human rights. They used a laid procedure for accountability to promote reconciliation between different parties, opinions present with the country. Politicians during reconstruction, ensured that the policies they formulated were in accordance and protected the various rights of individuals regardless of the race, gender of class of the citizens living within the country. The implications of the control over the criminal rights within a democracy was that it raised hopes of citizens, since as they existed to protect the citizens against such things like poverished political possibilities that had occurred before the process of reconstruction (Foner, 2009). In addition, it brought to an end the impoverished political possibilities that had been witnessed by citizens at an earlier date before reconstruction. An example is that citizens were at the mercy of impoverished political possibilities during the cold war and this made them to pass through unknown misery and sufferings. Question 2 As the Commander of the Continental Army, George Washington was a classic example of a bureaucratic actor. Â  Like many members of the bureaucracy, Washington had to balance the requirements of his job with the political concerns of his bosses in Congress. Â  Discuss how Washington was able to successfully manage these competing concerns, while maintaining both the support of his men as well as the support of Congress. Â  What does his experience suggest about the relationship between politics and the functioning of the bureaucracy more generally? 250 words It was not easy for George Washington to accept the appointment being that he just came from managing his family plantation and serving in the Virginia house of bourgeoisies when he was voted by the second continental congress. With the offer of the role of commander in chi ef of the continental army and having accepted, it was difficult to accept and had to write to his wife to tell the story. He managed to succeed in satisfying both interests because they had faith in him as a friend in the bureaucratic bourgeoisies and as a member of the congress. Similarly, the successful battles he had for the American under his command gave him respect from the members of congress hence did not get much pressure from them. Because of this, he maintained his interest with them leading to his successful resignation. Through his relationship with both bureaucratic and the congress, he was able to balance the competing concerns as he knew of how to go about them in every aspect as they arose (Ward 100). His experiences have a lot of suggestion as politics in related to bureaucracy. They both related because in each of them comes with influence. Bureaucrats and politicians looks for certain aspects in which they can use towards influencing the mass to give them suppor t. This may imply that even if one goes wrong in the political or bureaucratic arena, one will still get support. As a result, Washington was able to serve both interests in order to remain relevant to the people he worked with. Question 3 The issues surrounding the relationship between congressional representatives and their constituents are overspending. Majority of the representatives were using public constituency finances to make themselves rich

Kurt Lewins Model Of Change Information Technology Essay

Kurt Lewins Model Of Change Information Technology Essay Change management is a well planned and organized execution of a process that helps an organization in transferring from a existing state to a state that is defined to be achieved by the Managers of the organization. Change management process involves studying the present system of the organization, analyzing the pros and cons of the present System and Planning Changes accordingly. This change can be achieved by Implementing Change management Procedures like Automation etc. This Involves Planning of the Change management Process and Using a relevant technology to implement the Change Management. Conceptualizing change: Issues of change: In the present business world Change has become a mandatory tool for an organization to sustain in the market no matter whether the organization is small, medium or large. Todays organizational success depends on identifying key areas of change, what tools to be used for implementing the change to these key areas and how good changes are implemented. Managers of the organization play a key role in implementing the change management, the reason being change management can see many serious issues arising internally within the organization or outside the organization i.e. in the organizations business. Managers have to properly weigh out all the pros and cons of implementing the Change Management and be prepared to handle the issues that arise in the process. Levels of change: Alpha level change: It is a change in which the changes are done instantly and is done in a proper and an organized way in a company. For instance if a change is brought in a single wing it effects the entire company. Beta level change: This change is known as the level two changes in which the change is proper and is done in step by step process.. The Change is done gradually. Gamma level change: This three changes is a little bit risky and complex change. It takes a lot of time to implement and we are not aware of the consequences. Change is required due to the following : Schematic procedures should be implemented intermittently when there is a need for change Innovative thoughts should be designed and Implemented such that an era of innovative comes into picture Effective means of communication to represent the change Accomplishment of the desired state through the innovative team Force field analysis: A force field analysis is a very useful technique to use when you are considering any type of change in which people are involved. This is analysis is very use full when we want to implement a new product or new service. In terms of Kurt Lewin the things that can used instead are : Find out the balance of power involved in issue Find out the boons and banes of the change. Know about the restraining forces and driving forces The ways of the above model are described as follows: Describe the current state and desired state. Knowing analysis the current situation related to proposed change. Interrogate and discuss all the forces. For each force allocate scores using a numeric scale which are weak and strong for example extremely week=1 and extremely strong=7. Tells about the forces by putting them on driving force on to the left right. . Kurt lewins model of change: Kurt lewins theory consists of three phases namely: Unfreezing Change Refreezing Steps involved in unfreeze are: The first step involves preparing the organization to understand and accept that the change has to take place. There should support from senior management team of organization. Set up a necessitate change To achieve the required vision of change communication is required. Alert of any remarks and doubts among the employees. Steps involved in change are: Discussing among the changes and plans that are to be implemented to attain better benefits and results thus preparing each and every individual against the change that is to be implemented. Instantly solve the problems and maintain secrecy. For different techniques and strategies that are to be implemented there should be proper gathering. The main idea of the theme is to achieve better results in a short run. Refreeze: We should analyze on the boons and banes of the organization. We should co-operate with the present authority, make a sketch of accurate organizational skeleton and should have an eye on the things going around Organization should provide proper training and keep updating everything. The occurrence of a fail? There is monitoring by the senior team The management at the middle level oppose the change. Improper analysis a design or a sketch and unity. There is no proper team management. Inadequate use of the IT resources. Low communication skills. Poor performance management. If there is no appropriate management Calling for a change: System model change: Seven -s model is the following that is used to know about the company and its accuracy. It shows the seven elements they are as follows. style skills systems, strategy structure shared values and staff. For all the seven -s to be affective the company should have a high degree. All the seven-s are interconnected so if there is single change it would affect the others correspondingly. We can just focus on the one required topic separately rather than all others. Hence for any organization to get boosted up it requires all the seven elements. The first 3 elements involves the hardware of organization the other four elements involves software to use a computer based analogy. Combining all the elements they will provide a managerial system that each and every element should be managed by manager itself. Shared values: All the seven -s are interconnected to each other. They are generally known as super goals. They are the companys general guiding rules and concepts. Generally any company is identified by the values. The values that are usd are both implicit and explicit. Structure: Structure the name itself tells us that it monitors with the thinks that are present it. It describes about the hierarchy of the organization and the division of the roles among different people. Systems: It generally involves with the different flow of operations that include the raw process and the system support. These generally consist of capital allocation, management system and business system. Strategy: It is a technique which an organization chooses to move ahead in the mean future. To reach to its destination. Style: Style generally consists about the managerial behavior that are followed in fulfilling the goals and tell how they spend the time. It not only tells about the organizations way that supports the employees but also tells about them in the out side world. Skills: It tells about the organizations different strategies that are followed. Staff: It describes about the peoples mind set, integrated, trained, and how they are convinced in molding their careers. The above described elements are blatantly related to one another, and by changing one of them effects the other. So if we want to make a change to one of the model it is important that we analyze all the models and the concepts. 6. Change issue related to personal experience: Introduction: Completing my UG in India, my future ambition was to pursue my masters for any reputed country as my fate was good I have been to UK to do my masters. In the mean while mean of my processing towards the UK I have been placed in a company. In which I was a software developer.. My team was a batch of the people that was including me and my seniors at my work. We all together worked on a project that relates to allocating staff quarters for a company named NIA(New India Insurance). It was a newly established company and deals with the IT out sourcing Changing manual process to automated process: Before Staff Quarter Allotment has been automated, New India Assurance had followed a manual process For Staff Quarter Allotment which involves Filling Staff Quarters Details on a paper by the applicants and going to their Head Office and Submitting the application. There after the application will be sent for approval to the concerned Department, once the application is approved a written letter is sent to Employee Giving the details of Staff Quarters that is allotted to him. This entire process used to take around 30-45 days as there are around 10000 employees in the Organization. But with the automation of this process, The Staff Quarter Allotment would be completed in 2-3 days. Employees Fill in an online Staff Quarter Application and submit it then the application is routed to his administrator immediately for approval and the moment Administrator approves the Application the application status is updated on the application and the employee can see the status on his application. As this entire process is online so it is advantageous to both the employees and the Organization as it saves allotment time to a great extent and it also removes all the tedious manual approach as well as maintaining data on paper which can be lost anytime. The allotment process would be transparent to users as well as the management. Issues of change: Reluctance from Users: We have faced few issues from the users as they were reluctant to use Staff Quarter online Facility provide by us since the users are not aware of the online process. We had to train users to use the online staff Quarter Allotment Application but we have faced a big reluctance from the users as they were not Comfortable using the online system. 2) Reluctance from administrators: Administrators were very reluctant to follow online process for Staff Quarters Allotment since online system clearly exposes transparency involved in manual process. The Word Transparency here deserves a bit of explanation here. The Administrators can use malpractices for approving Staff Quarters Applications. Malpractices include bribing, bias towards applicants, etc.. But because of the strong management support we got from New India Assurance we were able to conduct the training for users and to our surprise the users really shown a great interest in training when we explained them the advantages of online system over manual process. we were finally successful in completing the user training on a high note. This task wouldnt have been possible without support from New India Assurance management team and combined team effort of our developers, trainer and team leader. Level of change: Beta level change: The above changes are done in s step by step process and cannot be implemented in a single stretch. When compared to this change in my organization all the changes were made in an step by step process. Force field analysis: Driving forces: Importance given to individuals ideas There should be good relation between the higher officials and staff Support from the higher officials Interest shown by all the members to adopt change Restraining forces: Not clearly understanding the change Domination or leadership Poor communication between employees and management There should be a proper plan for a change. Lewins ice cube model: Unfreezing: To analyses and understand the concepts properly. To attain a change new ideas should be implemented The idea should be agreed by members in organization All the team members should work collectively. The design should be in a proper way Change: Discuss about what is to be done and that to be implemented for the future and its boons and banes on them. Keep all the things in disguise. The company has to make a gathering at regular intervals. It hs to make up a bench mark in every role it plays. Refreeze The plan was implemented to modify the view for each any every person in the company We need to first take care of the hurdles and put them down We are to get trained for all the required things. To achieve a change we developed elegant ways Proper help is to be extended by the head. Model of system change: Shared values: The organization will perform it process according to the requirements, beliefs and expectations. Structure: To achieve a change each and every task is properly structured and all be given equal chances and activities. Style: The manager should support making decisions, spending more time he should properly behave towards his employees. Staff: The staffs who will work for a change in organization are employees, trainer and managing director. Strategy: To achieve organization goal efforts should properly done by management and employees. Skills: The organization will show the better performance when change is implemented for example as quality levels are increased. Systems: Organization involves information management system, business system and actions done by day to day Conclusion: Change in our rganization is clearly explained as according to related theory. I came to know that different models used in above like kurts lewins model, system model, force field analysis plays a vital role. The majority aspects like meetings, communicating with employees, regular feedbacks, needs for change are managed in a proper way this lead to an great and victorious organization

Internet Censorship Isnt Necessary Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive

Internet Censorship Isn't Necessary    "Fear of chaos cannot justify unwarranted censorship of free speech" (Quittner). This quotation came from a speech made by Vice President Al Gore, who was addressing the graduating class of 1996 from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This quotation expresses his viewpoint on this subject of censorship. Censorship has always been an issue in the world. What exactly is censorship? A censor is one who is authorized to examine books, films, or other materials and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Censorship is the act of removing this questionable material. Understandably, it is illegal to yell fire in a crowded room or use children for pornographic purposes, but the power of censors has exceeded logical boundaries. Works of art, such as Huckleberry Finn and Miss Saigon , have felt the full strength of censorship. The main problem regarding censorship is not knowing who has the right to determine what is valuable art and what is smut. Quite often members of religious groups take it upon themselves to determine the value of something. Those people who endorse censorship feel that they are protecting society from, among other things, violence, sex and the differences in sexual preference. At the same time, however, they are giving the power to restrict expression to a select few. Advocates of censorship feel that they have the right to ban works of art that express what they feel are erroneous ideas. What may seem erroneous to these advocates, may sculpt another's view on life and may reflect how they feel. Who has the right to determine who is right and who is wrong? The censors who feel that this right is theirs, also ... ...sh Language. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. pp. 310. Chapman, Gary. "Regulations on Internet Pornography Will Be Ineffective." Censorship: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David. Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997 Cranmer. "Child Safety on the Internet." [On-line]. Available: http://www.voicenet.com/~cranmer/censorship.html. November 10, 1997. Gutner, Toddi and Wildstrom, Steve. "Cybersmut: How To Lock Out The Kids." Business Week. February 12, 1996. pp.98-99. Levy, Steven. "An Indecent Proposal." Newsweek. May 27, 1996. pp. 80. Lindsay, John. "Policing the Internet." [On-line]. Available: http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists/pin/1997-08/0002.html. November 10, 1997. Meyer, Michael. "A Bad Dream Comes True in Cyberspace." Newsweek. January 8, 1996. pp. 65. Quittner, Joshua. "Free Speech For The Net." Time. June 24, 1996. pp. 56-57. Internet Censorship Isn't Necessary Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Internet Censorship Isn't Necessary    "Fear of chaos cannot justify unwarranted censorship of free speech" (Quittner). This quotation came from a speech made by Vice President Al Gore, who was addressing the graduating class of 1996 from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This quotation expresses his viewpoint on this subject of censorship. Censorship has always been an issue in the world. What exactly is censorship? A censor is one who is authorized to examine books, films, or other materials and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Censorship is the act of removing this questionable material. Understandably, it is illegal to yell fire in a crowded room or use children for pornographic purposes, but the power of censors has exceeded logical boundaries. Works of art, such as Huckleberry Finn and Miss Saigon , have felt the full strength of censorship. The main problem regarding censorship is not knowing who has the right to determine what is valuable art and what is smut. Quite often members of religious groups take it upon themselves to determine the value of something. Those people who endorse censorship feel that they are protecting society from, among other things, violence, sex and the differences in sexual preference. At the same time, however, they are giving the power to restrict expression to a select few. Advocates of censorship feel that they have the right to ban works of art that express what they feel are erroneous ideas. What may seem erroneous to these advocates, may sculpt another's view on life and may reflect how they feel. Who has the right to determine who is right and who is wrong? The censors who feel that this right is theirs, also ... ...sh Language. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. pp. 310. Chapman, Gary. "Regulations on Internet Pornography Will Be Ineffective." Censorship: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David. Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997 Cranmer. "Child Safety on the Internet." [On-line]. Available: http://www.voicenet.com/~cranmer/censorship.html. November 10, 1997. Gutner, Toddi and Wildstrom, Steve. "Cybersmut: How To Lock Out The Kids." Business Week. February 12, 1996. pp.98-99. Levy, Steven. "An Indecent Proposal." Newsweek. May 27, 1996. pp. 80. Lindsay, John. "Policing the Internet." [On-line]. Available: http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists/pin/1997-08/0002.html. November 10, 1997. Meyer, Michael. "A Bad Dream Comes True in Cyberspace." Newsweek. January 8, 1996. pp. 65. Quittner, Joshua. "Free Speech For The Net." Time. June 24, 1996. pp. 56-57.